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- package fields;
-
- =head1 NAME
-
- fields - compile-time class fields
-
- =head1 SYNOPSIS
-
- {
- package Foo;
- use fields qw(foo bar _private);
- }
- ...
- my Foo $var = new Foo;
- $var->{foo} = 42;
-
- # This will generate a compile-time error.
- $var->{zap} = 42;
-
- {
- package Bar;
- use base 'Foo';
- use fields 'bar'; # hides Foo->{bar}
- use fields qw(baz _private); # not shared with Foo
- }
-
- =head1 DESCRIPTION
-
- The C<fields> pragma enables compile-time verified class fields. It
- does so by updating the %FIELDS hash in the calling package.
-
- If a typed lexical variable holding a reference is used to access a
- hash element and the %FIELDS hash of the given type exists, then the
- operation is turned into an array access at compile time. The %FIELDS
- hash map from hash element names to the array indices. If the hash
- element is not present in the %FIELDS hash, then a compile-time error
- is signaled.
-
- Since the %FIELDS hash is used at compile-time, it must be set up at
- compile-time too. This is made easier with the help of the 'fields'
- and the 'base' pragma modules. The 'base' pragma will copy fields
- from base classes and the 'fields' pragma adds new fields. Field
- names that start with an underscore character are made private to a
- class and are not visible to subclasses. Inherited fields can be
- overridden but will generate a warning if used together with the C<-w>
- switch.
-
- The effect of all this is that you can have objects with named fields
- which are as compact and as fast arrays to access. This only works
- as long as the objects are accessed through properly typed variables.
- For untyped access to work you have to make sure that a reference to
- the proper %FIELDS hash is assigned to the 0'th element of the array
- object (so that the objects can be treated like an pseudo-hash). A
- constructor like this does the job:
-
- sub new
- {
- my $class = shift;
- no strict 'refs';
- my $self = bless [\%{"$class\::FIELDS"], $class;
- $self;
- }
-
-
- =head1 SEE ALSO
-
- L<base>,
- L<perlref/Pseudo-hashes: Using an array as a hash>
-
- =cut
-
- use strict;
- no strict 'refs';
- use vars qw(%attr $VERSION);
-
- $VERSION = "0.02";
-
- # some constants
- sub _PUBLIC () { 1 }
- sub _PRIVATE () { 2 }
- sub _INHERITED () { 4 }
-
- # The %attr hash holds the attributes of the currently assigned fields
- # per class. The hash is indexed by class names and the hash value is
- # an array reference. The array is indexed with the field numbers
- # (minus one) and the values are integer bit masks (or undef). The
- # size of the array also indicate the next field index too assign for
- # additional fields in this class.
-
- sub import {
- my $class = shift;
- my $package = caller(0);
- my $fields = \%{"$package\::FIELDS"};
- my $fattr = ($attr{$package} ||= []);
-
- foreach my $f (@_) {
- if (my $fno = $fields->{$f}) {
- require Carp;
- if ($fattr->[$fno-1] & _INHERITED) {
- Carp::carp("Hides field '$f' in base class") if $^W;
- } else {
- Carp::croak("Field name '$f' already in use");
- }
- }
- $fields->{$f} = @$fattr + 1;
- push(@$fattr, ($f =~ /^_/) ? _PRIVATE : _PUBLIC);
- }
- }
-
- sub inherit # called by base.pm
- {
- my($derived, $base) = @_;
-
- if (defined %{"$derived\::FIELDS"}) {
- require Carp;
- Carp::croak("Inherited %FIELDS can't override existing %FIELDS");
- } else {
- my $base_fields = \%{"$base\::FIELDS"};
- my $derived_fields = \%{"$derived\::FIELDS"};
-
- $attr{$derived}[@{$attr{$base}}-1] = undef;
- while (my($k,$v) = each %$base_fields) {
- next if $attr{$base}[$v-1] & _PRIVATE;
- $attr{$derived}[$v-1] = _INHERITED;
- $derived_fields->{$k} = $v;
- }
- }
-
- }
-
- sub _dump # sometimes useful for debugging
- {
- for my $pkg (sort keys %attr) {
- print "\n$pkg";
- if (defined @{"$pkg\::ISA"}) {
- print " (", join(", ", @{"$pkg\::ISA"}), ")";
- }
- print "\n";
- my $fields = \%{"$pkg\::FIELDS"};
- for my $f (sort {$fields->{$a} <=> $fields->{$b}} keys %$fields) {
- my $no = $fields->{$f};
- print " $no: $f";
- my $fattr = $attr{$pkg}[$no-1];
- if (defined $fattr) {
- my @a;
- push(@a, "public") if $fattr & _PUBLIC;
- push(@a, "private") if $fattr & _PRIVATE;
- push(@a, "inherited") if $fattr & _INHERITED;
- print "\t(", join(", ", @a), ")";
- }
- print "\n";
- }
- }
- }
-
- 1;
-